PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1

1. Construct the following quadrilaterals:

Question (i).
Quadrilateral ABCD.
AB = 4.5 cm,
BC = 5.5 cm,
CD = 4 cm,
AD = 6 cm,
AC = 7 cm.
Solution :
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1 1
Steps of construction:

  • Draw a line segment AB = 4.5 cm.
  • With A as centre and radius = 7 cm, draw an arc.
  • With B as centre and radius = 5.5 cm, draw another arc to intersect previous arc at C.
  • With A as centre and radius 6 cm draw an arc.
  • With centre at C and radius 4 cm, draw another arc to intersect previous arc at D.
  • Draw \(\overline{\mathrm{BC}}, \overline{\mathrm{CD}}, \overline{\mathrm{AD}}\) and \(\overline{\mathrm{AC}}\).

Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1

Question (ii).
Quadrilateral JUMP
JU = 3.5 cm,
UM = 4 cm,
MP = 5 cm,
PJ = 4.5 cm,
PU = 6.5 cm.
Solution:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1 2
Steps of construction :

  • Draw a line segment JU = 3.5 cm.
  • With J as centre and radius = 4.5 cm, draw an arc.
  • With U as centre and radius = 6.5 cm, draw another arc to intersect previous arc at P
  • With U as centre and radius = 4 cm draw an arc.
  • With P as centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc which intersects previous arc at M.
  • Draw \(\overline{\mathrm{JP}}, \overline{\mathrm{UM}}, \overline{\mathrm{MP}}\) and \(\overline{\mathrm{UP}}\).

Thus, JUMP is the required quadrilateral.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1

Question (iii).
Parallelogram MORE ?
OR = 6 cm,
RE = 4.5 cm,
EO = 7.5 cm.
Solution:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1 3
[Note: □ MORE is a parallelogram. So length of opposite sides are equal. ]
∴ RE = MO = 4.5 cm; OR = ME = 6 cm
Steps of construction:

  • Draw a line segment MO = 4.5 cm.
  • With M as centre and radius = 6 cm, draw an arc.
  • With O as centre and radius = 7.5 cm, draw another arc to intersect the previous arc at E.
  • With O as centre and radius = 6 cm, draw an arc.
  • With E as centre and radius = 4.5 cm, draw another arc to intersect the previous arc at R.
  • Draw \(\overline{\mathrm{ME}}, \overline{\mathrm{OR}}, \overline{\mathrm{RE}}\) and \(\overline{\mathrm{OE}}\).

Thus, MORE is the required parallelogram.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1

Question (iv).
Rhombus BEST
BE = 4.5 cm,
ET = 6 cm.
Solution:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Practical Geometry Ex 4.1 4
[Note : BEST is a rhombus. So length of all four sides are equal.]
BE = 4.5 cm
∴ ES = ST = TB = 4.5 cm
ET = 6 cm (Given)
Steps of construction:

  • Draw a line segment BE = 4.5 cm.
  • With B as centre and radius = 4.5 cm, draw an arc.
  • With E as centre and radius = 6 cm, draw another arc to intersect the previous arc at T.
  • With E as centre and radius = 4.5 cm, draw an arc.
  • With T as centre and radius = 4.5 cm, draw another arc to intersect previous arc at S.
  • Draw \(\overline{\mathrm{BT}}, \overline{\mathrm{ES}}, \overline{\mathrm{ST}}\) and \(\overline{\mathrm{ET}}\).

Thus, BEST is the required quadrilateral.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

1. The following graph shows the temperature of a patient in a hospital, recorded every hour:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 1

Question (a)
What was the patient’s temperature at 1 p.m.?
Solution:
The patient’s temperature at 1 p.m. was 36.5 °C.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Question (b)
When was the patient’s temperature 38.5 °C?
Solution:
The patient’s temperature was 38.5 °C at 12 noon.

Question (c)
The patient’s temperature was the same two times during the period given. What were these two times?
Solution:
The patient’s temperature was same (36.5 °C) at 1 p.m. and 2 p.m.

Question (d)
What was the temperature at 1:30 p.m.? How did you arrive at your answer?
Solution:
The patient’s temperature at 1:30 p.m. was 36.5 °C.
(The temperature did not change during interval of 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. So the temperature did not show any change and it was 36.5 °C at 1:30 p.m.)

Question (e)
During which periods did the patients’ temperature showed an upward trend?
Solution:
The patient’s temperature showed an upward trend during the periods 9 a.m. to 10 a.m., 10 a.m. to 11a.m. and 2 p.m. to 3 p.m., because the temperature increased during these intervals.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

2. The following line graph shows the yearly sales figures for a manufacturing company:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 2

Question (a)
What were the sales in (i) 2002 (ii) 2006?
Solution:
1. The sales in the year 2002 was ₹ 4 crores.
2. The sales in the year 2006 was ₹ 8 crores.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Question (b)
What were the sales in (i) 2003 (ii) 2005?
Solution:
1. The sales in the year 2003 was ₹ 7 crores.
2. The sales in the year 2005 was ₹ 10 crores.

Question (c)
Compute the difference between the sales in 2002 and 2006.
Solution:
The difference between the sales in 2002 and 2006 = ₹ (8 – 4) crore
= ₹ 4 crores

Question (d)
In which year was there the greatest difference between the sales as compared to its previous year?
Solution:
In year 2005, there was the greatest difference between the sales as compared to its previous year.

3. For an experiment in Botany, two different plants, plant A and plant B were grown under similar laboratory conditions. Their heights were measured at the end of each week for 3 weeks. The results are shown by the following graph:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 3

Question (a)
How high was Plant A after
1. 2 weeks
2. 3 weeks?
Solution:
1. The plant A was 7 cm high after 2 weeks.
2. The plant A was 9 cm high after 3 weeks.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Question (b)
How high was Plant B after
1. 2 weeks
2. 3 weeks?
Solution:
1. The plant B was 7 cm high after 2 weeks.
2. The plant B was 10 cm high after 3 weeks.

Question (c)
How much did Plant A grow during the 3rd week?
Solution:
Plant A grew (9 cm – 7 cm) = 2 cm during 3rd week.

Question (d)
How much did Plant B grow from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 3rd week?
Solution:
The plant B grew (10cm-7cm) = 3 cm from the end of 2nd week to the end of 3rd week.

Question (e)
During which week did Plant A grow most?
Solution:
The growth of the plant A During the 1st week = 2 cm – 0 cm = 2 cm
During the 2nd week = 7 cm – 2 cm = 5 cm
During the 3rd week = 9 cm – 7 cm = 2 cm
Thus, during the 2nd week, the plant A grew the most.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Question (f)
During which week did Plant B grow least?
Solution:
The growth of the plant B.
During the 1st week = 1cm – 0 cm
= 1 cm
During the 2nd week = 7 cm – 1 cm
= 6 cm
During the 3rd week = 10 cm-7 cm
= 3 cm
Thus, the plant B grew the least in the first week.

Question (g)
Were the two plants of the same height during any week shown here? Specify.
Solution:
At the end of 2nd week, both the plants were of the same height, that is 7 cm.

4. The following graph shows the temperature forecast and the actual temperature for each day of a week.
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 4

Question (a)
On which days was the forecast temperature the same as the actual temperature?
Solution:
The forecast temperature was the same as the actual temperature on Tuesday, Friday and Sunday.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Question (b)
What was the maximum forecast temperature during the week?
Solution:
The maximum forecast temperature during the week was 35 °C.

Question (c)
What was the minimum actual temperature during the week?
Solution:
The minimum actual temperature during the week was 15 °C.

Question (d)
On which day did the actual temperature differ the most from the forecast temperature?
Solution:
On Thursday, the actual temperature differed the most from the forecast temperature (7.5 °C).

Difference of temperature:

  • Monday : 17.5 °C – 15 °C = 2.5 °C
  • Tuesday : 20 °C – 20 °C = o°c
  • Wednesday : 30 °C – 25 °C = 5°C
  • Thursday : 22.5 °C – 15 °C = 7.5 °C
  • Friday : 15 °C – 15 °C = o°c
  • Saturday : 30 °C – 25 °C = 5°C
  • Sunday : 35 °C – 35 °C = o°c

5. Use the tables below to draw linear graphs:

Question (a)
The number of days a hillside city received snow in different years:

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006
Days 8 10 5 12

Solution:
Linear graph to show snowfall in different years:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 5

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

Question (b)
Population (in thousands) of men and women in a village in different years:

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Number of Men 12 12.5 13 13.2 13.5
Number of Women 11.3 11.9 13 13.6 12.8

Solution:
Draw two perpendicular lines on the graph paper. Take year along X-axis (horizontal line) and population (in thousand) along Y-axis (vertical line).
For men: Mark the points (2003, 12), (2004, 12.5); (2005, 13); (2006, 13.2) and (2007, 13.5) and join them.
For women: Mark the points (2003, 11.3); (2004, 11.9); (2005, 13); (2006, 13.6) and (2007, 12.8) and join them.
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 6

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

6. A courier cycles from a town to a neighboring suburban area to deliver a parcel to a merchant. His distance from the town at different times is shown by the following graph:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 7

Question (a)
What is the scale taken for the time axis?
Solution:
The time is taken along the X-axis. The scale along X-axis is 4 units = 1 hour.

Question (b)
How much time did the person take for the travel?
Solution:
Total travel time taken by a courier : = 8:00 am to 11:30 am = 3\(\frac {1}{2}\) hours

Question (c)
How far is the place of the merchant from the town?
Solution:
Distance of the merchant from the town is 22 km.

Question (d)
Did the person stop on his way? Explain.
Solution:
Yes, the stopage time = 10:00 am to 10:30 am. This is indicated by the horizontal part of the graph.

Question (e)
During which period did he ride fastest?
Solution:
He rode fastest between 8:00 am and 9:00 am.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1

7. Can there be a time-temperature graph as follows? Justify your answer.
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 15 Introduction to Graphs Ex 15.1 8
Solution:
In case of (iii), the graph shows different number of temperatures at the same time which is not possible.
∴ Case (iii) does not represent a time-temperature graph.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions and Answers.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions

Try These (Textbook Page No. 43)

Take a regular hexagon Fig 3.10.
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions 1

Question 1.
What is the sum of the measures of its exterior angles x, y, z, p, q r?
Solution:
∠x + ∠y + ∠z + ∠p + ∠q + ∠r = 360°
(∵ Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360°)

Question 2.
Is x = y = z = p = q = r ? Why?
Solution:
Since, all the sides of the polygon are equal, it is a regular hexagon. So its interior angles are equal.
∴ x = (180° – a), y = (180° – a),
z = (180° – a), p = (180° – a),
q = (180° – a), r = (180° – a)
∴ x = y = z = p = q = r

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions

Question 3.
What is the measure of each ?
(i) exterior angle
(ii) interior angle
Solution:
(i) x + y + z + p + q + r = 360°
(∵ Sum of exterior angles = 360°)
All angles are equal.
∴ Measure of each exterior angle = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{6}\) = 60°

(ii) Exterior angle = 60°
∴ Interior angle = 180° – 60° = 120°.

Question 4.
Repeat this activity for the cases of:
(i) a regular octagon
(ii) a regular 20-gon
Solution:
(i) In a regular octagon, number of sides (n) = 8.
∴ Each exterior angle = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{8}\) = 45°
∴ Each interior angle = 180° – 45° = 135°

(ii) For a regular 20-gon, the number of sides (n) = 20.
∴ Each exterior angle = \(\frac{360^{\circ}}{20}\) = 18°
∴ Each interior angle = 180° – 18° = 162°

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions

Try These (Textbook Page No. 47)

Question 1.
Take two identical set squares with angles 30°-60°-90° and place them adjacently to form a parallelogram as shown in figure. Does this help you to verify the above property ?
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions 2
Solution:
Yes, the given figure helps us to verify that opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.

Try These (Textbook Page No. 48)

Question 1.
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions 3
Solution:
Yes, this figure also helps us to confirm that opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 50)

Question 1.
After showing m∠R = m∠N = 70°, can you find m∠I and m∠G by any other method ?
Solution:
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions 4
Yes, without using the property of parallelogram, we can find m∠I and m∠G.
m∠R = m∠N = 70° (Given)
RG || IN, the transversal RI intersecting them,
∴ m∠R + m∠I = 180° (Sum of interior angles is 180°)
∴ 70° + m∠I = 180° (∵ m∠R = m∠N = 70°)
∴ m∠I = 180° – 70°
∴ m∠I = 110°
Similarly, m∠G = 110°

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals InText Questions

Think, Discuss and Write (Textbook Page No. 56)

Question 1.
A mason has made a concrete slab. He needs it to be rectangular. In what different ways can he make sure that it is rectangular?
Solution :
He can make sure that it is rectangular using the following different ways :

  • By making opposite sides of equal length.
  • By keeping each angle at the corners as 90°.
  • By keeping the diagonals of equal length.
  • By making opposite sides parallel.

Question 2.
A square was defined as a rectangle with all sides equal. Can we define it as rhombus with equal angles? Explore this idea.
Solution:
Yes, because a rhombus becomes a square if its all angles are equal.

Question 3.
Can a trapezium have all angles equal ?
Can it have all sides equal ? Explain.
Solution:
Yes, a trapezium can have all angles equal. In this case, it becomes a square or rectangle.
Yes, it can have all sides equal. In this case, it becomes a rhombus or square.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.4

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.4 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.4

Question 1.
State whether True or False:
(a) All rectangles are squares.
(b) All rhombuses are parallelograms.
(c) All squares are rhombuses and also rectangles.
(d) All squares are not parallelograms.
(e) All kites are rhombuses.
(f) All rhombuses are kites.
(g) All parallelograms are trapeziums.
(h) All squares are trapeziums.
Solution :
(a) False
(b) True
(c) True
(d) False
(e) False
(f) False
(g) False
(h) False

Question 2.
Identify all the quadrilaterals that have:
(a) four sides of equal length
(b) four right angles
Solution:
(a) Squares as well as rhombuses have four sides of equal length.
(b) Squares as well as rectangles have four right angles.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.4

Question 3.
Explain how a square is
(i) a quadrilateral
(ii) a parallelogram
(iii) a rhombus
(iv) a rectangle
Solution:
(i) A square is a four sided closed figure, so it is a quadrilateral.
(ii) The opposite sides of a square are equal and parallel, so it is a parallelogram.
(iii) All the sides of a square are equal, so it is a rhombus.
(iv) Each angle of a square is a right angle, so it is a rectangle.

Question 4.
Name the quadrilaterals whose diagonals:
(i) bisect each other
(ii) are perpendicular bisectors of each other
(iii) are equal
Solution:
(i) The diagonals of the following quadrilaterals bisect each other :

  • Parallelogram
  • Rectangle
  • Square
  • Rhombus

(ii) The diagonals of the following quadrilaterals are perpendicular bisectors of each other :

  • Square
  • Rhombus

(iii) The diagonals are equal in following quadrilaterals :

  • Square
  • Rectangle

Question 5.
Explain why a rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.
Solution:

  • All the angles have measure less than 180°.
  • Both diagonals lie wholly in the interior of the rectangle.

∴ The rectangle is a convex quadrilateral.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.4

Question 6.
ABC is a right angled triangle and O is the midpoint of the side opposite to the right angle. Explain why O is equidistant from A, B and C. (The dotted lines are drawn additionally to help you).
PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Understanding Quadrilaterals Ex 3.4 1
Solution:
Produce \(\frac {1}{2}\) to D such that BO = OD.
Joining \(\frac {1}{2}\) and \(\frac {1}{2}\), we get a □ ABCD.
AO = OC (Given)
BO = OD (Constration)
∴ The diagonals AC and BD bisect each other.
∴ □ ABCD is a parallelogram.
∠B is a right angle. (Given)
∴ □ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴ BO = OD = AO = OC
∴ Point O is equidistant from points A, B and C.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 English Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Activity 1.

Look up the following words in a dictionary. You should seek the following information about the words and put them in your WORDS notebook.

1. Meaning of the word as used in the poem (adjective/noun/verb. etc.)
2. Pronunciation (The teacher may refer to the dictionary or a mobile phone for correct pronunciation.)
3. Spellings.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

trudging care queer twists and turns
stuck out blow faint and faltering victor
golden crown tint after hardest

Activity 2.

Make a list of five pairs of rhyming words in the poem.

1. will — hill
2. bit — quit
3. turns — learns
4. up — cup
5. down — crown

Learning to Read and Comprehend

Activity 3.

Answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What is the poem about?
कविता किसके बारे में है ?
Answer:
The poem is about the importance of determination and tenacity in life.

Question 2.
What is hard about going uphill?
ऊपर पहाड़ी पर जाने में क्या कठिनाई है ?
Answer:
The journey is full of difficulties.

Question 3.
What is meant by ‘funds are low’?
‘funds are low’ का क्या अर्थ है?
Answer:
It means nominal resources.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Question 4.
What does the poet mean by ‘twists and turns’?
‘Twists and turns’ से कवि का क्या अभिप्राय है?
Answer:
‘Twists and turns’ mean ups and downs in life.

Question 5.
Do you think sudden ‘twists and turns in life can be beneficial to us ?
क्या आपके विचार में हमारे जीवन में अचानक आने वाले उतार-चढ़ाव हमारे लिए किस तरह लाभदायक हैं ?
Answer:
Yes, sudden twists and turns in life can be beneficial to us. as failure has the seed of success in life.

Question 6.
Why does the poet say ‘you have to sigh’?
कवि क्यों करता है ‘you have to sigh’?
Answer:
The poet says so because one sometimes faces failure when one is very close to success.

Question 7.
What does another blow’ mean?
another blow’ का क्या अर्थ है ?
Answer:
Another blow means very next effort that bring success.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Question 8.
How long do you try to do something before you turn to do something else ?
कोई और काम करने से पहले आप अपने काम को पूरा करने के लिए कब तक प्रयास करते हैं ?
Answer:
I never quit and go on making endless efforts for success.

Activity 4.

Read the stanzas and answer the questions that follow.

1. Life is queer with its twists and turns,
As everyone of us sometimes learns,

And many a failure turns about,
When he might have won had he stuck it out.

(a) What is life full of ?
जीवन किस चीज़ से भरा है ?
Answer:
Life is full of twists and turns.

(b) What does everyone of us sometimes learn?
हममें से प्रत्येक जीवन में कभी न कभी कुछ सीखता क्या है ?
Answer:
It is that failure changes its direction all at once and there is success.

(c) Find the synonym of ‘strange from the stanza.
Stanza में ‘Strange’ का समानार्थक बताएं।
Answer:
Queer.

2. And you never can tell just how close you are,
It may be near when it seems afar;
So stick to the fight when you’re hardest hit
It’s when things seem worst that you must not quit.

(a) Name the poem and the poet.
कविता तथा कवि का नाम बताओ |
Answer:
The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit’ and that of the poet is Edgar A. Guest.

(b) What do you understand by ‘sticking to the fight when hardest hit ?
‘Sticking ……… hardest hit’ से क्या अभिप्राय है
Answer:
We must stick to the fight when everything seems to be going wrong.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

(c) What should not be done when things seem worst ?
जब सब कुछ खराब होता दिखाई दे तो हमें क्या नहीं करना चाहिए ?
Answer:
We must not quit our fight or stop fighting.

Learning Language

Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees.

An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun. In other words, an adjective adds something to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun.
Examples :
किसी Noun या Pronoun की विशेषता या उसके बारे में कुछ बताने वाला शब्द Adjective कहलाता है।

(a) a black horse
(b) some money
(c) thirty books
(d) this noble man
(e) a clever boy

Formation of Degrees of Adjectives

Rules

I. Most adjectives generally form the comparative degree by adding suffix ‘-er’ and the superlative degree by adding the suffix ‘-est’ to the possitive degree of Adjective.

Positive Comparative Superlative
noble nobler noblest
near nearer nearest
able abler ablest
sane saner sanest
clean cleaner cleanest
dear dearer dearest
bright brighter brightest
bold bolder boldest
clever cleverer cleverest
short shorter shortest
deep                ‘ deeper deepest
tall taller tallest
few fewer fewest
fast faster fastest
great greater greatest
hard harder hardest
high higher highest
keen keener keenest
kind kinder kindest
light lighter lightest
strong stronger strongest
weak weaker weakest
poor poorer poorest
rare rarer rarest
pure purer purest
rich richer richest
safe safer safest
sweet sweeter sweetest

II. In the case of longer adjectives of three or more syllables, comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding the word ‘more and most’ before the positive degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
courageous more courageous most courageous
brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
capable more capable most capable
difficult more difficult most difficult
wonderful more wonderful most wonderful
interesting more interesting most interesting
ignorant more ignorant most ignorant
diligent more diligent most diligent

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

III. Adjectives of two syllables follow one or the other of the above rules. Those ending in ‘-ful’, ‘-er’ ‘-ve’ usually take ‘more’ and ‘most’.

Positive Comparative Superlative
active more active most active
doubtful more doubtful most doubtful
careful more careful most careful
harmful more harmful most harmful
proper more proper most proper
obscure more obscure most obscure
secure more secure most secure

IV. Those ending in ‘-y or ‘-ly add ‘-ier’ and ‘-est’ after the removal of ‘-y’.

Positive                        Comparative Superlative
pretty prettier prettiest
happy happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest
easy easier easiest
jolly jollier jolliest
busy busier busiest
holy holier holiest

V. When a consonant comes after a short vowel sound, it doubles itself and adds ‘-er’ and ‘-est’ in comparative and superlative forms.

Positive Comparative Superlative
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
fat fatter fattest
sad sadder saddest
wet wetter wettest
thin thinner thinnest
red redder reddest
mad madder maddest

VI. Miscellaneous Adjectives

Positive Comparative Superlative
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
good better best
late latter/later last/latest
little less least
low lower lowest
much more most
old older/elder oldest/eldest
up upper uppermost/upmost

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

1. He is a ………………….. student. (tall)
2. The Taj is a ………………….. building. (beautiful)
3. My table is the …………………….. of all. (big)
4. Her sweatshirt is ……………………… than her jeans. (soft)
5. Teena’s hair is ………………….. than Leena’s hair. (long)
6. Saumya is ………………. than Vijaya. (funny)
7. Haridwar is one of the …………………….. places for the Hindus. (holy)
8. Gold is .. ………………. than silver. (expensive)
9. Ravinder is ………………….. than Parul. (smart)
10. This is the ……………………… book I have ever read. (good)
Answer:
1. tall
2. beautiful
3. biggest
4. softer
5. longer
6. funnier
7. holiest
8. more expensive
9. smarter
10. best.

Make comparative forms of the word given in the brackets by adding ‘-er’ or ‘more” to it.

1. Cats are ……………………. (affectionate) than goats.
2. Sheena is …………………… (old) than Gagan.
3. China is ……………………… (large) than Poland.
4. My Hindi class is … …… (boring) than my Maths class.
5. In the UK, the streets are generally ……. …….. …… (narrow) than in the USA.
6. Delhi is ……………………… (busy) than Chandigarh.
7. Jyoti is …………………….. (quiet) than her sistęs.
8. Kiran is ………………….. (ambitious) than her brother.
9. My garden is a lot ……………………… (colourful) than this park:
10. My house is a bit . ………………….. (comfortable) than a hotel.
Answer:
1. more affectionate
2. older
3. larger
4. more boring
5. narrower
6. busier
7. quiter
8. more ambitious
9. more colourful
10. more comfortable.

Learning to Listen

Activity 6.

Listen carefully to your teacher telling you about an unsinkable ship and fill in the gaps provided.

The Titanic was a British passenger ship that sank to the bottom of the ……….1…….. during its first voyage. The ship was constructed during the 1900s by a transportation ………….2…………. known as White Star. With this they wanted to introduce a new set of luxury passenger …………3………….. that would transport wealthy people across the …….4……. Ocean. White Star finished building the Titanic in …………5………….. . At that time, it was the ……….6…………… ship that had ever been ………….7……….. The Titanic was designed with ……….8………….. compartments that could fill up with …….9……. if any issues occurred. For this reason, many people …………10………… that the Titanic was unsinkable. In April………11 ……., the Titanic began its first voyage from England to the ………..12…………. , carrying over 2,000 passengers. While at sea, the ship collided with an ……….13…………… and began to overflow. The passengers and the ……….14………….. evacuated the ship, but there were not enough ……….15………… to save everyone. Out of 2,000 passengers, only 705 ……16…… The sinking of the Titanic is one of the ………17………….. tragedies of the 20th century.
Answer.
1. ocean
2. company
3. ships
4. Atlantic
5. 1911
6. biggest
7. built
8. safety
9. water
10. believed
11. 1912
12. United States
13. iceberg
14. crew
15. boats
16. survived
17. greatest

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Learning to Speak (Groupwork)

Activity 7.

One student from each group will be given a picture. The student will see it carefully and place it face down so that the rest of the students cannot see the picture card. Describe the picture for other students to draw. The student will speak for two minutes using adjectives. (The teacher will get some pictures for students so that pictures are unseen for them.)
Answer:
विधार्थी स्वयं करें

Learning to Write

Activity 8.

Write a story using the following hints. Also give a heading to the story.

a stage …………….. drinking water ………………. saw the reflection ……………… beautiful horns . ……………….. felt proud ……………. saw reflection of his legs ………………. felt ashamed …………….. heard the barking …………… hunter’s dog ……………. started running ……………… his horns ……………… entangled in a bush ……………… tried his best to untangle horns ……………….. succeeded with great difficulty ……………… dogs reached …….. used thin legs to escape ………………… understood importance of ugly looking legs.
Answer.
‌Once‌ ‌there‌ ‌was‌ ‌a‌ ‌stage.‌ ‌One‌ ‌day‌ ‌he‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌thirsty.‌ ‌He‌ ‌went‌ ‌to‌ ‌a‌ ‌pool.‌ ‌He‌ ‌was‌ ‌drinking‌ ‌water.‌ ‌The‌ ‌water‌ ‌was‌ ‌very‌ ‌clear.‌ ‌He‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌own‌ ‌reflection‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ ‌water.‌ ‌He‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌horns.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌very‌ ‌beautiful.‌ ‌He‌ ‌feels‌ ‌proud‌ ‌for‌ ‌them.‌ ‌Then‌ ‌he‌ ‌saw‌ ‌his‌ ‌legs.‌ ‌They‌ ‌were‌ ‌thin‌ ‌and‌ ‌ugly.‌ ‌He‌ ‌felt‌ ‌ashamed‌ ‌to‌ ‌see‌ ‌them.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌he‌ ‌saw‌ ‌a‌ ‌hunter.‌ ‌He‌ ‌had‌ ‌hounds‌ ‌with‌ ‌him.‌ ‌The‌ ‌stage‌ ‌was‌ ‌in‌ ‌danger.‌ ‌He‌ ‌ran‌ ‌very‌ ‌fast.‌ ‌His‌ ‌legs‌ ‌helped‌ ‌him.‌ ‌He‌ ‌passed‌ ‌by‌ ‌the‌ ‌bushes.‌ ‌His‌ ‌beautiful‌ ‌horns‌ ‌were‌ ‌caught‌ ‌in‌ ‌a‌ ‌bush.‌ ‌He‌ ‌tried‌ ‌his‌ ‌best‌ ‌to‌ ‌free‌ ‌himself.‌ ‌He‌ ‌freed‌ ‌his‌ ‌horns‌ ‌with‌ ‌great‌ ‌difficulty.‌ ‌Soon‌ ‌the‌ ‌hounds‌ ‌reached‌ ‌there.‌ ‌His‌ ‌ugly‌ ‌legs‌ ‌helped‌ ‌to‌ ‌save‌ ‌him.‌ ‌He‌ ‌understood‌ ‌the‌ ‌importance‌ ‌of‌ ‌ugly‌ ‌looking‌ ‌legs.‌ ‌
Moral.‌ ‌All‌ ‌that‌ ‌glitters‌ ‌is‌ ‌not‌ ‌gold.‌ ‌

Learning‌ ‌to‌ ‌Use‌ ‌the‌Language‌ ‌(Pairwork)‌ ‌

Activity‌ ‌9‌ .

Write‌ ‌short‌ ‌notes‌ ‌on‌ ‌your‌ ‌positive‌ ‌self‌ ‌talking‌ ‌information‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌picture‌ ‌given‌ ‌below.‌ ‌
After‌ ‌you‌ ‌have‌ ‌made‌ ‌your‌ ‌notes,‌ ‌talk‌ ‌to‌ ‌your‌ ‌partner‌ ‌(one‌ ‌minute)‌ ‌about‌ ‌yourself.‌
PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit 1

My Positive Self-Talk I am proud of what I am. I believe in myself and my abilities. I am bold enough to face any difficulty and any situation I am put in. Today is going to be an awesome day. I am going to play the role of the leader of my class. I am confident of my success. I am happy too. But I can successfully control my happiness while playing my role.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Comprehension of Stanzas

Read the following stanzas (extracts) and answer the questions given below each :

(1) When things go wrong as they sometimes will,
When the road you’re trudging seems all up hill,
When the funds are low and the debts are high.
And you want to smile, but you have to sigh,
When care is pressing you down a bit.
Rest, if you must, but don’t you quit.

1. Mention two odd situations you are faced with in life?
जीवन में अपने सामने आने वाली दो विषम स्थितियों का वर्णन करें।

2. What should one do in such situation ?
ऐसी स्थिति में आदमी को क्या करना चाहिए ?

3. Name the poem and its poet.
कविता और इसके कवि का नाम लिखें।
Answer:
1.
(a) The road we are walking on seems to be very long.
(b) The funds are low, but the debts are high.
Or
You want to smile, but you have to sigh.
2. One should rest for some time. We must not quit.
3. The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit’ and that of the poet is Edgar A. Guest.

(2) Often the goal is nearer than,
It seems to a faint and faltering man;
Often the struggler has given up
When he might have captured the victor’s cup;
And he learned too late when the night came down,
How close he was to the golden crown,
Success is failure turned inside out.

1. When does a struggler often give up ?.
संघर्ष करने वाला व्यक्ति प्रायः कब आत्म समर्पण कर देता है ?

2. What is success in reality?
सफलता वास्तव में क्या है

3. Name the poem and its poet.
कविता और इसके कवि का नाम लिखें।
Answer:
1. A struggler often gives up when he is about to win or succeed.
2. Success in reality is failure in disguise. It is failure turned inside out.
3. The name of the poem is ‘Don’t Quit. Its poet is Edgar A. Guest.

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

Word Meanings

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit 2

Don’t Quit Poem Summary in English

Don’t Quit Summary in English

This is an inspirational poem. It demands us to be firm in our efforts. We should never lose heart and quit. The struggle must go on. Sometimes in life, we are faced with odd situations. Our job seems to us an uphill task. We wish to smile, but we have to sigh. Our cares press us down. We look for good days but bad luck surrounds us. There are so many other such situations like this too.Man often quits in hard times. He leaves his efforts when

Don’t Quit Summary in Hindi

यह एक प्रेरणादायक कविता है । यह हमसे चाहती है कि हम अपने प्रयासों में स्थिर रहें। हमें कभी धैर्य छोड़ कर पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए। संघर्ष जारी रहना चाहिए। .. हमें जीवन में कभी-कभी विषम परिस्थितियों का सामना करना पड़ता है। हमें अपना कार्य बहुत ही मुश्किल लगता है। हम मुस्कुराना चाहते हैं, परन्तु हम निराशाभरी गहरी सांस लेकर रह जाते हैं। हमारी चिन्ताएं हमें दबा लेती हैं। हम अच्छे दिन खोजते हैं, परन्तु हम बुरे भाग्य से घिर जाते हैं। ऐसी कई अन्य परिस्थितियां भी आती हैं। आदमी मुश्किल वक्त में प्रायः हार मान लेता है।

PSEB 8th Class English Solutions Poem 2 Don’t Quit

वह उस समय अपने प्रयास बन्द कर देता है, जब सफलता उसके दरवाज़े पर खड़ी होती है। वह केवल एक ही और प्रयास से सफल हो सकता है। उसे याद रखना चाहिए कि जब सफलता दूर लगती है, यह नज़दीक हो सकती है। सफलता वास्तव में उलटा दी गई असफलता ही होती है। इसलिए हमें उस समय अपने संघर्ष पर अटल रहना चाहिए जब हम बुरी तरह मुसीबत में घिर जाएं। इस समय परिस्थिति बहुत ही खराब लगती है परन्तु यही वह समय होता है, जब हमें पीछे नहीं हटना चाहिए।

Central Idea Of The Poem

This poem is based on the idea that life is not all success. It is mostly failure. But we must not quit if we fail in our efforts. Failure has the seeds of success in it. Success, infact is failure turned inside out. Struggle must go on. Our very next blow may shower flowers of success on us.

PSEB 8th Class English Dialogue Writing

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Dialogue Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Dialogue Writing

1. Imagine you went on tour during the holidays. A friend of yours wanted to know all about your tour. Both of you will ask and answer the questions asked during die conversation. The beginning of the Conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation ami then continue.

1. Friend : When did you go on the true ?
You : I went on the tour on Monday.
2. Friend : How may boys were you ?
You : We were ‘twenty boys.
3. Friend : Who was the incharge of the tour ?
You : Sh. Sohan Singh was the incharge of the tour.
4. Friend : …………………
You : We left for Delhi by train.
5. Friend : …………………
You : We stayed there for two days.
6. Friend : …………………
You : Yes, there are many places worth-seeing in Delhi.
7. Friend : …………………
You : We went to see The Taj at Agra.
8. Friend : …………………
You : It was built by Shah Jahan.
9. Friend : …………………
You : It is considered one of the wonders of the world.
10. Friend : …………………
You : Shah Jahan built it in the memory of his wifi.
Answer:
1. When did you go on the tour ?
2. How many boys were you ?
3. Who was the incharge of the tour ?
4. How did you leave for Delhi ?
5. How long did you stay there ?
6. Are there any places worth seeing in Delhi ?
7. Why did you go to Agra ?
8. Who built it ?
9. Why is the Taj so famous ?
10. In whose memory did Shah Jahan build the Taj ?

PSEB 8th Class English Dialogue Writing

2. Imagine you went to the railway station to see off a friend. Your brother wanted to know what you saw there. Both of you wilrask and answer the question during the conversation. Now write the dialogue between you and your brother.

1. Brother : …………………
You : I went to see offz friend.
2. Brother : …………………
You : We went there in a tonga.
3. Brother : …………………
You : There was a great rush at the booking-window.
4. Brother : …………………
You : There was a great rush at the platform also.
5. Brother : …………………
You : People were walking up and doum the platform.
6. Brother : …………………
You : The porters were moving to and fro.
7. Brother : …………………
You : Wehad to wait for only ten minutes.
8. Brother : …………………
You : The train arrived in time.
9. Brother : …………………
You : My friend got a seat near the window.
10. Brother : …………………
You : I came back after the departure of the train.
Answer:
1. Why did you go to the railway station ?
2. How did you go there ?
3. Where was a great rush?
4. Where else was a great rush ?
5. What were the people doing there ?
6. What were the porters doing ?
7. How long had you to wait ?
8. When did the train arrive ?
9. Where did your friend get a seat ?
10. When did you come back ?

3. Imagine you attended the prize distribution function of your school. Your mother wants to know about it. Write your conversation with your mother in dialogue format.
1. Mother : …………………
You : The prize distribution function started at 2 p.m.
2. Mother : …………………
You : The Education Minister presided over the function.
3. Mother : …………………
You : He was received at the gate.
4. Mother : …………………
You : Some students sang a welcome song.
5. Mother : …………………
You : Yes, the pandal was full.
6. Mother : …………………
You : At first, the Headmaster read out the annual report.
7. Mother : …………………
You : The Education Minister gave away the prizes.
8. Mother : …………………
You : The Education Minister made a short speech.
9. Mother : …………………
You : He congratulated the prize-winners.
10. Mother : …………………
You : I got four prizes.
Answer:
1. When did the prize distribution function start ?
2. Who presided over the function ?
3. Where was he received ?
4. Who sang a welcome song ?
5. Was the pandal full ?
6. What did the Headmaster do first ?
7. Who gave away the prizes ?
8. What did the Education Minister do ?
9. Who did he congratulate ?
10. How many prizes did you get ?

PSEB 8th Class English Dialogue Writing

4. Suppose you were Mohit and you had to appear before the Principal of a college for interview. The beginning of the conversation is given. You will start with the given conversation and then continue.

1. Principal : What is your name?
Mohit : My name is Mohit.
2. Principal : …………………
Mohit : I am seventeen years old.
3. Principal : …………………
Mohit : I passed my Matriculation Examination in April 1986.
4. Principal : …………………
Mohit : I passed my Matriculation Examination from R.S. Model High School.
5. Principal : …………………
Mohit : I got 725 marks.
6. Principal : …………………
Mohit : My hobby is stamp-collecting.
7. Principal : …………….
Mohit : Yes, I know typewriting.
8. Principal : …………….
Mohit : I can type thirty words a minute.
9. Principal : …………….
Mohit : No, I have no experience.
10. Principal : …………….
Mohit : I shall learn my job in a few days.
Answer:
1. What is your name ?
2. How old are you ?
3. When did you pass your Matriculation Examination ?
4. From which school did you pass your Matriculation Examination ?
5. How many marks did you get ?
6. What is your hobby ?
7. Do you know typewrit¬ing ?
8. What is your typing speed ?
9. Do you have any experience ?
10. How will you do your job then ?

5. Imagine you have failed in the examination. Your father wants to know the reason of your failure. Now Complete the dialogue, writing the questions answers during your conversation.

1. Father : …………….?
You : The papers were very difficult.
2. Father : …………….?
You : Yes, I worked very hard for the examination.
3. Father : …………….?
You : I have failed only in one paper.
4. Father : …………….?
You : Yes, I have been a very regular student.
5. Father : …………….?
You : I shall appear again.
6. Father : …………….?
You : I hope to get good marks.
7. Father : …………….?
You : I am in the good books of my teachers.
8. Father : …………….?
You : English is a difficult subject for me.
9. Father : …………….?
You : No, I shall prepare it myself.
10. Father : …………….?
You : I may need the help of my teacher.
Answer:
1. Why did you fail in the examination ?
2. Did you work hard for the examination ?
3. In how many papers have you failed ?
4. Have you been a regular student ?
5. What will you do now ?
6. How many marks do you hope to get ?
7. What is the opinion of your teachers about you ?
8. Which subject is difficult for you ?
9. Will you engage a tutor ?
10. Whose help will you need ?

PSEB 8th Class English Dialogue Writing

6. Imagine you remained absent from school for a week, lour class-teacher wants to know the reason of your absence. Write the dialogue between you and your teacher. Your – beginning of the Conversation is given. You will start with given Conversation and then continue.

1. Teacher : Why were you absent for a week ?
You : Sir, I wa§ suffering from fever.
2. Teacher : Did you send any application ?
You : No, I did not send an application.
3. Teacher : ………………..
You : Because no student comes from my locality.
4. Teacher : ……………….
You : I consulted Dr. R. Nagpal.
5. Teacher : ……………….
You : He advised me to take full rest for ten days.
6. Teacher : ……………….
You : Now I am feeling all right.
7. Teacher : ………………
Answer:
1. Why were you absent for a week ?
2. Did you send any application ?
3. Why did you not send the application ?
4. Which doctor did you consult ?
5. What did he advise ?
6. How are you feeling now ?
7. Will you be able to learn your lessons ?

7. Imagine you bought a book from a book-seller. When you reached home, you found some pages missing. In the evening you went to the shop again. Write the dialogue between you and the book-seller.

1. Shopkeeper : Shopkeeper.
You : No, I don’t want to buy any book.
2. Shopkeeper : …………………….
You : I want only to change this book.
3. Shopkeeper : …………………….
You : I bought it yesterday evening.
4. Shopkeeper : …………………….
You : Your salesman gave it to me.
5. Shopkeeper : …………………….
You : I paid twenty five rupees for it.
6. Shopkeeper : …………………….
You : Yes, I got a cash memo from the salesman.
7. Shopkeeper : …………………….
You : No, I can’t wait for three days.
Answer:
1 .Do you want to buy some book ?
2. What do you want then ?
3. When did you buy it ?
4. Who gave it to you ?
5. How much did you pay for it ?
6. Did you get the cash memo from the salesman ?
7. Can you wait for three days ?

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Composition Note-Making Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making

किसी दिए Passage को आसानी से समझने के लिए उसे Short Notes का रूप दिया जा सकता है। ऐसे Notes तैयार करना एक कला है। इसके लिए विद्यार्थी में Passage के मुख्य बिन्दुओं को छांटने की क्षमता होनी चाहिए। उसे पता होना चाहिए कि Passage में क्या छोड़ा जा सकता है और किन बिन्दुओं को Highlight करना ज़रूरी है। उसे Passage के आरम्भ और अंत को ध्यान से पढ़ना चाहिए। इसी से Passage के मूल भाव को समझा जा सकता है। इसे Skimming कहा जाता है।

Note-Making की कई विधियां हैं। Passage को शीर्षकों तथा उप-शीर्षकों में बदला जा सकता है। इसे Flowchacts का रूप दिया जा सकता है। कुल मिला कर विद्यार्थी को Notes लिखते समय निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं पर अपना ध्यान केंद्रित करना चाहिए।

  1. Passage का कोई उचित-शीर्षक लिखें। यह बहुत लम्बा न हो।
  2. यदि Passage लम्बा हो, तो उसके मुख्य बिन्दुओं तथा उप-बिन्दुओं को लिख लें।
  3. विद्यार्थी इन बिन्दुओं को संक्षिप्त तथा सांकेतिक शब्दों द्वारा भी नोट कर सकता हैं, जैसे-लाभ-हानियां, विशेषताएं आदि।.
  4. जहां तक संभव हो लम्बे वाक्यों का प्रयोग मत करें। मुख्य बिन्दुओं को कम से कम शब्दों में सीमित करें।
  5. प्रचलित Abbreviations (शब्दों का संक्षिप्त रूप) का प्रयोग करें। आप अपनी निजी Abreviations भी प्रयोग कर सकते हैं; जैसे tomer = tomorrow; cong = conclusion इत्यादि। परन्तु ऐसे संक्षिप्त रूप तभी प्रयोग करें जब Notes अपने निजी प्रयोग के लिए बनाए गए हों।

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making

संकेत-अक्षर किसी भी विषय के हो सकते हैं। जैसे-
3 <4; 4 > 3
three is smaller than 4; ∴ therefore
4 is greater than 3 ∴ because
because A/c Account number etc.

1. Read the following passage and write the main points:

There are three types of American rice. Long grain is slender and the grains remain : separate when cooked. It is suited to main dishes, salads and soups. Medium grain is plumper than long grain and more tender when cooked. Short grain is almost round; the grains stick together when cooked.

Rice is also classified according to the ways it is processed. Brown rice retains the bran and germ (and therefore more nutrient); Parboiled or converted rice is soaked, steamed, and dried before milling. It retains more nutrients than white rice but takes 5 to 10 minutes longer to cook. Precooked white rice is cooked and dehydrated after milling and needs little cooking.

Main Points (Notes):
Classification of American rice
(a) How it looks:

  1. long grain- slender, remains, separate when cooked.
  2. medium grain- plumper, more tender when cooked.
  3. short grain- almost round, stick together when cooked.

(b) How it is processed:

  1. Brown rice-bran, germ-more nutrient.
  2. Parboiled/Converted rice-soaked, steamed and dried, retains, nutrients, take longer to cook
  3. Precooked white rice-already cooked and dehyrated, needs litde cooking.

2. Read the passage carefully and write the main points in the space provided.

THE INDIAN TOLL
According to the Union Transport Ministry, although buses constitute only 1.2% of India’s vehicles. In 2002 they were responsible for more than 11% of road accidents and 13% deaths. Around 85,000 people die every year from road accidents in India and the social cost of all this is a staggering Rs. 55,000 crores. In India, as in Asia, the driver is the main culprit. 78% of accidents are attributed to the drivers fault. And although there are programmes for teaching road safety, only a very few drivers attend it. Indeed, Dr. Sanjay K. Singh, of IIT, Kanpur and a transport subject expert argues that bus safety in India will not improve unless drivers are better off economically, and not overworked in addition, he says road infrastructure must improve with special lanes for cyclists and handcarts and proper footpaths for pedestrians.

Main Points:
I. Report on Road Accidents from Transport Ministry (2002):

  1. No. of road accidents each year : Around 85,000
  2. % accidents by bus drivers : 78%
  3. % deaths caused by these accidents : 13%
  4. Money spent on problems related to accidents : Rs. 55,000 crores

II. Solution:

  1. training drivers : road safety classes few drivers attend-problems:
  2. condition of drivers : well off economically, not to be overworked.
  3. better roads : how ?

Improvement in road infrastructure-special lanes for cyclists, handcarts- proper footpaths.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making

3. Read the passage and Write the main points (Notes):

The Interim Test Range (ITR) was established in 1989 as a dedicated range for launching missiles, rockets and flight test vehicles. A number of missiles of different class including the multi-role Trishul, multi-target capable Akash, the anti-tank Nag missile, the surface-to-surface missile Prithvi, and long range technology demonstrator Agni, have been test fired from the ITR Brah Mos, the Indiaft Russian joint venture, set up to develop supersonic cruise missiles has also been tested at this range. The ITR has also supported a number of other missions such as testing of the multi-barrel rocket launcher Pinaka and pilodess aircraft Lakshya. The ITR has also been made capable for testing airborne weapons and systems with the help of sophisticated instrumentation.

Main Points (Notes)

  1. Interim Test Range (ITR) established in 1989 for launching missile rockets and flight test vehicles.
  2. Number of misssiles launched.
    Trishul, Akash, Nag, Prithvi, Agni
  3. Brah Mos : Indian-Russian joint venture
  4. Other missions supported : Pinaka (Multi-barrel rocket launcher); Lakshya (pilotless aircraft).

4. Read the passage given below and make notes:

Books are by far the most lasting products of human efforts. Temples crumble into ruin, pictures and states decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors minds ages ago. What was then thought and said still speaks to us as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift and throw out the bad products : for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good. Books introduce us into the best society, they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have lived. We hear what they said; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathise with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them, their experience becomes ours; and we feel as if we were actors with them in the scenes which they describe.

Notes:
Title : Permanent Value of Books
Main Points
A. (i) Books most lasting products. No effect of time other things come to the dust
(ii) thoughts in books become brighter and fresher.
B. Printed pages always speak.
C. Only good can survive bad products disappear.
D. Company of great minds of post-joys, grieves, experiences become wars.
E. Conclusion : Mirror of the past and present society.

5. Read the passage given below and make notes:

If the young students in schools and colleges do not learn discipline, they will never be able to extract obedience from others in society. In fact, society will never accept them as persons fit for any responsible position in life. A school or college without discipline can never impart suitable education to students. Such a school or college is no better than a factory to turn out imperfect men and women. Sense of discipline plays a very important part in the playground and the battle field. A disciplined team is likely to win the match in spite of its weakness but a very good team may not fare well for want of discipline. The rule of discipline equally applies to soldiers in the battle field

Notes:
Title : Students and Discipline.
Main Points
(A) Dis. in Society

  1. needed is all fields
  2. Source of extracting obedience
  3. Not accepted responsible persons

(B) Schools and Colleges without Dis.

  1. No dis. -no suitable education
  2. prepare only imperfect men and woman.

Play ground and battle field

  1. disciplined team wins
  2. good team may lose
  3. sure victory for disciplined soldiers. (Abb. Dis. Discipline)

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making

6. Read the passage given below and make notes:

Games, though essential should not become the be-all and end-all of student life. Generally, the sportsmen waste too much time on them, and fail in their examinations. One must never devote more then an hour to sports. Again if a player plays a game rashly, there is every danger of breaking bones. If, it is the played without the spirit of sportsmanship. It can lead to bad blood and quarrels. In some of the colleges, there is a tradition that if the visiting team is winning a match, the home team plays foul, picks a quarrel and break the bones of the visitors. But in spite of all these minor defects. Sports are very useful in keeping the students busy and in developing their personalities.

Notes:
Title. Advantages and Disadvantages of Games

Main Points
A. Games and Student Life.
(1) Essential but not everything

  • To much time given
  • fail

B. Spirit of Sportsmanship

  1. foul play by home team.
  2. quarrels violence.

C. Conclusion

  1. minor defects
  2. keep busy a develop personality.

7. Read the passage given below and make notes:

Computers have become an integral part of our day to day life. It is very difficult to imagine our lives without computers. They are affecting every sphere of human life and bringing about many changes in Industry, Government, Education, Medicine, Scientific Research, Law and Social Services and even in arts like music and printing. The areas of applications of computers are confined only by limitations on human creativity and imagination.

Computers can no longer be termed as a mere invention they are a revolution. And the way we live now is an evidence of this revolution so much that it is hard to imagine a world without them. There is no area in the field of work, learning, play or leisure, that has remained untouched by computers Realising the importance of Computers Punjab Government has introduced Computer Education in a big way. Let us hope that a wind of change will blow in the tied of education in Punjab.

Notes:
Title : Computers in Day to Day Life

Main Points
A. Integral Part of Human Life

  1. role is every sphere.
  2. changes in industry
  3. Education, art, source, medicine-no sphere untouched

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Note-Making

B. Areas of application confined only by human limitation.

C. Computers-A Revolution.
(1) has become a revolution

  • Punjab government encouraging
  • Introduction of computer education in schools

D. Conclusion
Bright future-popularity.

PSEB 8th Class English Story Writing

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Story Writing Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Story Writing

1. God Mercury and the Woodcutter
Or
Honesty is the Best Policy

Outline : Once a woodcutter — cutting a tree — axe fell into the water — God Mercury — golden axe — again dived — silver adxe — at last iron axe — woodcutter happy — god pleased — all the axes — Moral.

Story: Once there was a woodcutter. One day he was cutting a tree on the bank of a river. By chance, his axe fell into the water. He began to weep.

God Mercury came there. He asked him why he was weeping. The woodcutter told him his whole story. The god dived into the water. He brought out a golden axe. But the woodcutter said, “This is not mine.” The god dived again. This time he brought out a silver axe. But the woodcutter did not take that axe also. At last, the god brought out an iron axe. The woodcutter was happy to see it. He said, “This is my axe.” The god was pleased at his honesty. He gave him all the three axes.

Moral : Honesty is the best policy.

एक बार एक लकड़हारा था। एक दिन वह नदी के तट पर एक वृक्ष काट रहा था। अचानक उसकी कुल्हाड़ी पानी में गिर गई। वह रोने लगा।

जल देवता वहां आया। उसने लकड़हारे से पूछा कि वह क्यों रो रहा है। लकड़हारे ने उसे अपनी सारी कहानी सुनाई। देवता ने पानी में डुबकी लगाई। वह सोने की एक कुल्हाड़ी निकाल लाया। परन्तु लकड़हारे ने कहा, “यह मेरी नहीं है।” देवता ने एक बार फिर डुबकी लगाई। इस बार वह चांदी की कुल्हाड़ी निकाल लाया। परन्तु लकड़हारे ने यह कुल्हाड़ी भी नहीं ली। अन्त में जल-देवता लोहे की कुल्हाड़ी निकाल लाया। लकड़हारा इसे देखकर प्रसन्न हुआ। उसने कहा, “यह मेरी कुल्हाड़ी है।” देवता उसकी ईमानदारी पर प्रसन्न हुआ। उसने लकड़हारे को तीनों कुल्हाड़ियां दे दी। शिक्षा-ईमानदारी सबसे उत्तम नीति है।

Word – Meanings : Woodcutter = लकड़हारा, Axe = कुल्हाड़ी, Dived = डुबकी लगाई, Pleased = प्रसन्न हुआ।

PSEB 8th Class English Story Writing

2. Union is Strength
Or
United We Stand, Divided We Fall

Outline : An old farmer — his sons always quarrel — sends for them — gives them a bundle of sticks to break — sons unable to do so — asks them to untie the bundle — sticks broken one by one — Moral.

Story : Once there was an old farmer. He had four sons. They always quarrelled with one another. The farmer was very sad. He advised them not to quarrel but in vain.

One day, the farmer fell ill. His end was near. He thought of a plan. He called his sons. He gave them a bundle of sticks. He asked them to break it. But they failed to do so. Now the bundle was untied. The farmer asked his sons to break the sticks one by one. Each son broke the sticks easily. At this the father said, “Be united like the bundle. If you are united, none will harm you.” The sons learnt a lesson. They never quarrelled again.

Moral : Union is Strength.

एक बार एक वृद्ध किसान था। उसके चार पुत्र थे। वे सदा एक दूसरे के साथ झगड़ते रहते थे। किसान बड़ा दुखी था। उसने उन्हें झगड़ा न करने की शिक्षा दी, परन्तु व्यर्थ।

एक दिन किसान बीमार हो गया। उसका अन्त निकट था। उसे एक युक्ति सूझी। उसने अपने पुत्रों को बुलाया। उसने उन्हें लकड़ियों का एक गट्ठा दिया। उसने उन्हें इसको तोड़ने के लिए कहा। परन्तु वे इसे तोड़ न सके। अब गट्टे को खोल दिया गया। किसान ने अपने पुत्रों से कहा कि वे एक-एक लकड़ी को तोड़ें। प्रत्येक पुत्र ने लकड़ियों को आसानी से तोड़ दिया। इस पर पिता ने कहा, “लकड़ी के गट्टे की भांति इकट्ठे रहो। यदि इकट्ठे रहोगे, तो तुम्हें कोई हानि नहीं पहुंचा पायेगा।” पुत्रों ने इससे शिक्षा प्राप्त की। वे फिर कभी नहीं झगड़े। शिक्षा-एकता में बल है।

Word-Meanings : Quarrelled = झगड़ते थे, Sad = दुःखी, In vain = व्यर्थ, Fell ill = बीमार पड़ गया, End = अन्त, Plan = योजना, Untied = खोल दिया गया।

3. The Dove and the Bee
Or
Do Good, Have Good
Or
One Good Turn Deserves Another
Or
Kindness Never Goes Unrewarded Outline

A bee — falls into a stream — a dove sees — flies to a tree — plucks a leaf — drops it near the bee — the bee gets on to it and flies away — A hunter aims at the dove — the bee stings — the dove is saved — Moral.

Story : Once a bee felt thirsty. It went to the river. It began to drink water. By chance it fell into the water. Its life was in danger. A dove saw all this. She plucked a leaf. She dropped it near the bee. The bee got on to it. It dried its wings and flew away.

One day, the bee saw a hunter. He aimed at the dove. The bee flew to the hunter. It stung him hard on the hand. The gun fell down from his hands. The dove heard the noise. She flew away. She was thankful to the bee for its timely help.

Moral : Do good, have good.

एक बार एक मधुमक्खी को प्यास लगी। वह एक नदी पर गई। वह पानी पीने लगी। अचानक वह पानी में गिर गई। उसका जीवन खतरे में था। एक फ़ाख्ता ने यह सब कुछ देखा। उसने एक पत्ता तोड़ा। उसने इसे मधुमक्खी के पास गिरा दिया। मधुमक्खी उस पर चढ़ गई। उसने अपने पंख सुखाए और उड़ गई।

एक दिन मधुमक्खी ने एक शिकारी को देखा। वह फ़ाख्ता पर निशाना बांध रहा था। मधुमक्खी उड़कर शिकारी की ओर गई। उसने उसके हाथ पर ज़ोर से डंक मारा। बंदूक उसके हाथों से नीचे जा गिरी। फाख्ता ने शोर सुना। वह उड़ गई। वह सामयिक सहायता के लिए मधुमक्खी की आभारी थी।

शिक्षा-कर भला, हो भला।

Word-Meanings : Plucked = तोड़ा, Leaf = पत्ता, Threw = गिरा दिया, Wings = पंख, Hunter = शिकारी, Aimed at = निशाना बांधा, Stung = डंक मारा, Thankful = आभारी, Timely = समय पर।

PSEB 8th Class English Story Writing

4. The Hare and the Tortoise
Or
Pride Hath a Fall
Or
Slow and Steady Wins the Race

Outline : A hare laughs at slow tortoise — both agree to run a race – the hare runs fast — sleeps on the way — tortoise moves on slowly — wins — Moral.

Story : Once a hare lived in a jungle. A tortoise also lived there. They became friends. The hare was proud of his speed. He laughed at the tortoise for his slow speed. The tortoise could not bear this. He asked the hare to run a race. The hare at once agreed.

A goal was fixed. The race began. The hare ran fast. He looked back. There was no tortoise. So he thought of taking rest. He lay down under a tree. He fell fast asleep.

The tortoise walked slowly. He did not stop on the way. He passed by the sleeping hare. He reached the goal. The hare woke up at sunset. He ran fast. He found the tortoise already there. He felt very small.

Moral : Slow and steady wins the race.

एक बार एक जंगल में एक ख़रगोश रहता था। वहां एक कछुआ भी रहता था। वे मित्र बन गए। ख़रगोश को अपनी गति पर गर्व था। वह कछुए की धीमी गति के लिए उसका मज़ाक उड़ाता था। कछुआ इसे सहन न कर सका। उसने खरगोश को एक दौड़ लगाने के लिए कहा। ख़रगोश तुरन्त सहमत हो गया।

एक लक्ष्य स्थान निश्चित किया गया। दौड़ आरम्भ हुई। ख़रगोश तेज़ दौड़ा। उसने पीछे मुड़ कर देखा। कछुए का कहीं पता न था। इसलिए उसने विश्राम करने की सोची। वह एक वृक्ष के नीचे लेट गया। वह गहरी नींद सो गया।

कछुआ धीरे-धीरे चलता गया। वह रास्ते में नहीं रुका। वह सोए हुए ख़रगोश के पास से गुज़र गया। वह लक्ष्य स्थान पर पहुंच गया। खरगोश सूर्यास्त के समय जागा। वह तेज़ दौड़ा। उसने कछुए को पहले ही वहां पाया। वह बड़ा लज्जित हुआ। शिक्षा-सहज पके सो मीठा होय।

Word-Meanings : Tortoise = कछुआ, Small = तुच्छ, Bear = सहन करना, Agree = सहमत होना, Woke up = जागा, Sunset = सूर्यास्त।

5. The Hidden Treasure
Or
No Pains, No Gains

Outline : An old man — has four sons — lazy — father dying — sends for them — tells them of a treasure hidden in the field — dies — they dig the field – – no treasure – – wheat –good crop — Moral.

Story : Once there was a farmer. He had four sons. They were lazy. He advised them to work hard, but all in vain.

One day, the farmer fell ill. His end was near. He wanted to teach his sons a lesson. He called them to his bed-side. He said, “I have hidden a treasure in the field. You may dig it out after my death.”

The farmer died after a few days. The sons went to the field. They dug it deep. But there was no treasure. They were very sad. A wise man passed that way. He advised them to sow wheat. They did so. They had a good crop. They learnt a lesson. They began to work hard. They became very rich.”

Moral : No pains, no gains.

एक बार एक किसान था। उसके चार पुत्र थे। वे सुस्त थे। उसने उन्हें परिश्रम करने का उपदेश दिया, परन्तु सब व्यर्थ।

एक दिन किसान बीमार पड़ गया। उसका अन्त निकट था। वह अपने पुत्रों को शिक्षा देना चाहता था। उसने उन्हें अपनी रोग-शैय्या के समीप बुलाया। वह कहने लगा, “मैंने खेत में खज़ाना गाड़ रखा है। मेरी मृत्यु के पश्चात् तुम इसे खोद निकालना।”

किसान कुछ दिनों के बाद मर गया। पुत्र खेत में गये। उन्होंने इसे गहरा खोदा। परन्तु उनके हाथ खज़ाना न लगा। वे बड़े, दुःखी हुए। एक बुद्धिमान पुरुष वहां से गुज़रा। उसने उन्हें गेहूं बोने के लिए कहा। उन्होंने वैसा ही किया। उनकी अच्छी फसल हुई। उन्होंने शिक्षा ग्रहण कर ली। उन्होंने परिश्रम करना आरम्भ कर दिया। वे बहुत धनी बन गए।

शिक्षा-सेवा बिन मेवा नहीं।

Word-Meanings : Lazy = सुस्त, In vain = व्यर्थ, Hidden = छिपा हुआ, Treasure = खज़ाना, Dig = खोदना, Sow = बोना, Crop = फ़सल।

6. Two Friends And The Bear
Or
A Friend in Need is a Friend Indeed

Outline : Two friends — go to a fair — see a bear — one climbs up a tree — the other lies down — the bear smells him and goes away — the first friend asked what the bear said — Beware of a false friend — Moral.

Story : Ram and Sham were two friends. Ram was a true friend. But Sham was selfish. One day, they went to a fair. They passed through a jungle. They saw a bear. It was coming towards them. Both were afraid. Sham at once climbed up a tree. He did not care for Ram. Ram lay down on the ground. He held his breath. The bear came and smelt him. He took Ram for dead. So he went away. Sham came down. He went to Ram and said, “What did the bear say in your ear?” Ram replied, “The bear advised me to beware of a false friend.”

Moral : Beware of selfish friends. (Or) A friend in need is a friend indeed.

राम और शाम दो मित्र थे। राम एक सच्चा मित्र था। परन्तु शाम स्वार्थी था। एक दिन वे मेले में गये। वे एक जंगल में से गुजरे। उन्होंने एक रीछ देखा। वह उनकी ओर आ रहा था। दोनों डर गये। शाम तुरन्त एक वृक्ष पर चढ़ गया। उसने राम की परवाह नहीं की। राम भूमि पर लेट गया। उसने अपना सांस रोक लिया। रीछ ने आकर उसे सूंघा। उसने राम को मृत समझा। इसलिए वह वहां से चला गया। शाम नीचे उतरा। उसने राम के पास जाकर कहा, “रीछ ने तुम्हारे कान में क्या कहा ?” राम ने उत्तर दिया, “रीछ ने मुझे उपदेश दिया कि झूठे मित्र से सावधान रहो।”
शिक्षा-स्वार्थी मित्रों से सावधान.रहो अथवा मित्र वह जो विपत्ति में काम आये।

Word-Meanings : Selfish = स्वार्थी, Fair = मेला, Passed through = में से गुज़रे, Afraid = डरे हुए, Care for = परवाह करना, Lay down = लेट गया, Held = रोक लिया।

PSEB 8th Class English Story Writing

7. The Wolf and the Lamb
Or
Might is Right

Outline : A wolf drinking water at a river — sees a lamb drinking water lower down — wishes to eat it up — makes lame excuses — kills the lamb – – eats it up – – Moral..

Story : Once there was a wolf. He was very thirsty. He went to a river. He began to drink water. A lamb was also drinking water. The wolf saw it. His mouth watered. He wanted to eat it up. He thought of a plan. He said to the lamb, “Why are you making the water muddy ?” The lamb replied, “Sir, the water is flowing from you to me. How can I make it muddy ?”

The wolf was very cunning. He again said, “Why did you abuse me last year?” The lamb replied that it was not even born then. At this, the wolf said, “Then it must be your father. I must kill you.” Saying this he killed the lamb and ate it up.

Moral : Might is Right.

एक बार एक भेड़िया था। वह बहुत प्यासा था। वह एक नदी पर गया। वह पानी पीने लगा। एक मेमना भी वहां पानी पी रहा था। भेडिए ने उसे देखा। उसके मुंह में पानी भर आया। वह उसे खा जाना चाहता था। उसे एक योजना सूझी। वह मेमने से बोला, “तुम पानी गन्दला क्यों कर रहे हो ?” मेमने ने उत्तर दिया, “श्रीमान्, पानी आप की ओर से मेरी तरफ़ बह रहा है। मैं इसे कैसे गंदला कर सकता हूं ?”

भेड़िया बड़ा मक्कार था। वह पुनः बोला, “तुमने पिछले वर्ष मुझे गालियां क्यों दी थीं ?” मेमने ने उत्तर दिया कि वह तब पैदा भी नहीं हुआ था। इस पर भेड़िया बोला, “तब वह अवश्य ही तुम्हारा बाप होगा। मुझे तुम्हें अवश्य मार देना चाहिए।” ऐसा कहते हुए उसने मेमने को मार डाला और खा गया।

शिक्षा-जिसकी लाठी उसकी भैंस।

Word-Meaning : Lamb = मेमना, Muddy = गंदला, Cunning = मक्कार, Abuse = गाली देना, Replied = उत्तर दिया, Killed = मार डाला।

8. The Thirsty Crow
Or
Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way

Outline : A hot summer day — a thirsty crow — in search of water — sees a jug — puts small stones into the jug — water comes up — drinks it — flies away — Moral.

Story : Once there was a crow. He was very thirsty. He flew. here and there in search of water. But he did not find water anywhere. At last he reached a garden.

There he saw a jug of water. But the water was very low. His beak could not reach it. He saw some small stones near the jug. He thought of a plan. He picked them up one by one and put them into the jug. The water came up. He drank the water and flew away.

Moral : Where there is a will, there is a way.

एक बार एक कौआ था। वह बहुत प्यासा था। वह पानी की खोज में इधर-उधर उड़ता रहा। परन्तु उसे पानी कहीं भी न मिला। अन्त में वह एक बाग़ में पहुंचा।

वहां उसने पानी का एक जग देखा। परन्तु उसमें पानी बहुत कम था। उसकी चोंच पानी तक न पहुंच सकी। उसने जग के समीप कुछ छोटे-छोटे पत्थर देखे। उसे एक युक्ति सूझी। उसने एक-एक करके पत्थर उठाये और उन्हें जग में डाला। पानी ऊपर चढ़ आया। उसने पानी पिया और उड़ गया।

शिक्षा-जहां चाह, वहां राह।

Word-Meanings : In search of = की खोज में Low = नीचे, Beak = चोंच, Thought of a plan = युक्ति सूझी, Picked = उठाया।

9. The Tailor And The Elephant
Or
As You Sow, So Shall You Reap
Or
Tit For Tat Outline : An elephant — passes by a tailor’s shop — tailor angry — pricks a needle — fills trunk with dirty water — throws on clothes — Moral.

Story : Once there was a king. He had an elephant. The elephant was taken to a river daily. There was a tailor’s shop on the way. The tailor used to give the elephant something to eat. They became fast friends.

One day, the tailor was in a bad mood. The elephant came there as before. He put his trurik inside the window. The tailor pricked his trunk with a needle. The elephant got angry. But he went away.

He went to the river. After the bath he filled his trunk with dirty water. He came back. He threw the dirty water on the tailor’s new clothes. The tailor was very sad. But it was too late.

Moral : Tit for tat.

एक बार एक राजा था। उसके पास एक हाथी था। हाथी को प्रतिदिन नदी पर ले जाया जाता था। मार्ग में एक दर्जी की दुकान थी। दर्जी खाने की कुछ चीजें हाथी को दिया करता था। वे पक्के मित्र बन गये।

एक दिन दर्जी का मूड ठीक नहीं था। हाथी पहले की भांति वहां आया। उसने अपनी सूंड को खिड़की के अन्दर डाल दिया। दर्जी ने उसकी सूंड में सुई चुभो दी। हाथी को क्रोध आ गया। परन्तु वह चला गया।

वह नदी पर गया। नहाने के पश्चात् उसने अपनी सूंड में गन्दा पानी भर लिया। वह वापस आया। उसने गन्दे पानी को दर्जी के नये कपड़ों पर फेंक दिया। दर्जी बहुत दुःखी हुआ। परन्तु बहुत देर हो चुकी थी।

शिक्षा-जैसे को तैसा।

Word-Meanings : On the way = मार्ग में, Fast = पक्के, Trunk = सूंड, Pricked = चुभो दी, Filled = भर लिया, Sad = दुःखी।

PSEB 8th Class English Story Writing

10. The Vain Stag
Or
Pride Hath a Fall Outline : A stag drinking at a pool — admires his horns — hates his legs — hunter and bounds — stag runs fast — horns caught in a bush — stag caught — killed — Moral.

Story : Once there was a stag. He was drinking water at a pool. He saw his reflection in the water. He saw his horns. They looked beautiful. He was very happy. Then he looked at his legs. They were ugly. So he became very sad.

Just then, he saw some hounds. He ran away. He ran as fast as his legs could carry him. Soon his horns were caught in a bush. He tried to free them but in vain. The hounds caught him. They tore him to pieces. His ugly legs tried to save his life. But his beautiful horns brought about his death.

Moral : Pride hath a fall.
Or
All that glitters is not gold.

एक बार एक बारहसिंगा था। वह एक तालाब पर पानी पी रहा था। उसने पानी में अपनी परछाईं देखी। उसने अपने सींग देखे। वे सुन्दर लगते थे। वह बहुत प्रसन्न हो गया। तब उसने अपनी टांगें देखीं। वे कुरूप थीं। इसलिए वह बहुत उदास हो गया। ।

उसी समय, उसने कुछ शिकारी कुत्ते देखे। वह भाग गया। वह इतना तेज़ दौड़ा जितना उसकी टांगें उसे ले जा सकती थीं। शीघ्र ही उसके सींग एक झाड़ी में उलझ गए। उसने उन्हें छुड़ाने का प्रयास किया परन्तु व्यर्थ। शिकारी कुत्तों ने उसे पकड़ लिया। उन्होंने उसके टुकड़े-टुकड़े कर डाले। उसकी कुरूप टांगों ने उसके प्राण बचाने का प्रयास किया। परन्तु उसके सुन्दर सींग उसकी मौत का कारण बन गये।

शिक्षा-अभिमान का सिर नीचा।
अथवा
हाथी के दांत खाने के और दिखाने के और।

Word Meanings : Stag = बारहसिंगा, Pool = तालाब, Reflection = परछाईं, Horns = सींग, Ugly = भद्दी, Hounds = शिकारी कुत्ते, Save = बचाना।

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class English Book Solutions English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines Exercise Questions and Answers, Notes.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines

1. 10 Killed in a Hosiery Godown Fire.
Explanation – A fire broke out in a Hosiery Godown in Ludhiana last night. 10 people were killed.

2. 14 Girls Killed in a Bus Collision.
Explanation – A school bus collided against a truck yesterday. 14 girls were killed on the spot.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines

3. Residents Get I – Cards Full of Errors.
Explanation – I – cards issued to the residents of Rajiv colony are full of errors.

4. RM. Leaves for Moscow.
Explanation – The Prime Minister has left for Moscow.

5. Earthquake Rocks Village in H.P. Hundreds Killed.
Explanation – An earthquake rocked a village in Himachal Pradesh. Hundreds of people were killed in it.

6. Hero Cycle Strike : Deadlock Continues.
Explanation – The deadlock between the Management and the striking workers of the Hero Cycle Factory continues.

7. Cell Phones at Cheaper Rates.
Explanation – Nokia Mobiles has introduced a range of mobiles at cheaper rates.

8. Mahila Wing Demands 14 Seats.
Explanation – The Mahila Wing of Punjab is demanding 14 seats in the State Assembly.

9. People Educated on Road Safety.
Explanation – The traffic police educated about two thousand people on road safety during the Road Safety Week.

10. Indo – Pak Ties Ahead to be Improved.
Explanation – Mr. Singh has said that Indo-Pak ties need to be improved for peace in South Asia.

11. Six Held for Stealing Vehicles.
Explanation – The Punjab police have held six persons in Khanna for stealing vehicles.

12. Officer Held for Cheating Finance Companies.
Explanation – The police have held an officer of the Forest Department for cheating various finance companies.

13. Jawans Escape Avalanche.
Explanation – Around 40 Jawans had a narrow escape when a fresh avalanche struck the Jawahar tunnel.

14. Kidnapped Boy Found Dead.
Explanation – Abhi Verma, a 16-year old boy of Hoshiarpur was found dead. His dead body was lying in a field.

15. Landslides Block J & K Highway Again.
Explanation – Fresh landslides forced the closure of the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway again on Monday.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines

16. New Grades for School Teachers.
Explanation – The school teachers in the state have been given new grades.

17. Australia Beat India in the Opening Match.
Explanation – Australia defeated India in the opening match between the two countries.

18. Terrorists Strike CRPF Camp in Jammu-Two Jawans Killed.
Explanation – In a terrorist attack on a CRPF camp in Jammu, two jawans were killed.

19. Bullion (gold or silver) Rises Further.
Explanation – The gold/silver prices in the market have registered an increase.

20. Husband, In – laws Booked in Dowry Case.
Explanation – In a dowry case filed by a woman, her husband and in-laws have been arrested.

21. Modi Calls For Reforms in Education.
Explanation – Prime Minister Narendra Modi has expressed the view that the education system needs to be reformed.

22. Suicide Bid Foiled by People.
Explanation – Some people foiled an attempt by a person to end his life.

23. Taj Visit in Moonlight to be Cosdier.
Explanation – Watching the Taj in moonlight is going to be costlier.

24. Film Stars Come Forward for Tsunami Victims.
Explanation – Amitabh Bachan and his party walked the ramp in Chandigarh to raise funds for Tsunami victims.

25. Held for Smoking at the Railway Station.
Explanation – The Railway Police Force held 8 people, who were found smoking at Amritsar Railway Station.

26. Sania Creates History.
Explanation – Sania Mirza created history by winning the Hyderabad open on Saturday

27. Sachin Hits Hundred.
Explanation – Sachin hit an unbeaten century

28. Harbhajan’s Hat-trick helps India Win.
Explanation – Harbhajan Singh took three wickets on the last three balls of the match against Australia. India won the match.

29. Militants Killed in J & K.
Explanation – Three militants were killed in an encounter in Poonch district on Sunday night.

30. 12 Caught Copying.
Explanation – 12 students were caught copying on the first day of the Senior Secondary examination.

31. Railway Fare Remains Untouched.
Explanation – There is no increase in the railway fare in the budget presented by the Finance Minister.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines

32. Man Gets RI for Throwing a Boy out of Train.
Explanation – The man who threw a school boy out of the train last year has got RI for five years.

33. Party Workers Shine Shoes to Collect Relief Fund.
Explanation – Workers of the A.B. Party shone shoes on the footpath to collect relief fund for Tsunami victims.

34. In – laws Held in Dowry Case.
Explanation – In – laws of a newly wedded girl were held for demanding more dowry.

35. Army Man Saves 11 From Tsunami Waves.
Explanation – An army man has saved 11 people from being washed away by Tsunami waves.

36. Youth Shoots Dead His Uncle.
Explanation – A youth in Apra has shot his uncle dead in a property dispute.

37. Govt. Abolishes 300 Posts of Clerks.
Explanation – Thd Govt, has abolished 300 posts of clerks on account of financial crisis.

38. Aid Not Reaching Earthquake Hit People.
Explanation – Aid is not reaching the earthquake hit people in Gujarat due to the strike of the truck owners.

39. Prime Minister for Research on Quake Prediction.
Explanation – The Prime Minister has urged the scientists of the country to develop a quake prediction system.

40. The Party Leader Asks Voters to Give his Party a Chance.
Explanation – The leader of the X party has asked the voters to give his party a chance for all-round development of the state.

41. COVID – 19 (Corona) Spreads havoc.
Explanation – COVID-19 has spread havoc in the world. Lakhs of poeple have died.

42. P.M. declares Lockdown.
Explanation – As a safety measure from COVID-19, P.M. has declared Lockdown for 14 days and asked people to stay at home.

43. Government Fill 300 Posts of Teachers.
Explanation – The Punjab Government has filled 300 posts of teachers lying vacant.

44. Tsunami Hits Japan.
Explanation – A very high Tsunami hit the sea coast of Japan near Honshu Island. There was a great loss of life.

PSEB 8th Class English Composition Explaining Newspaper Headlines

45. Senior Party Member Quits.
Explanation – Mr. Brar a senior most Akali leader quit the party in his protest against party policies.

46. Husband gets RI in Dowry Case.
Explanation – The husband got 10 years RI for beating his wife mercilessly and throwing her out of the house for not meeting his demands of dowry.

47. Defence Minister Reaches Moscow.
Explanation – Defence Minister reached Moscow on Monday night. A deal on aircraft will be struck.

48. 14 year old claims to have cured COVID.
Explanation – A lad of 14 year infected by COVID-19 last week claims to have been fully cured.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.2

Punjab State Board PSEB 8th Class Maths Book Solutions Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.2 Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

PSEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.2

1. If 21y5 is a multiple of 9, where y is a digit, what is the value of y?
Solution:
21y5 is a multiple of 9 (given)
∴ Sum of digits of 21y5 = 2 + 1 + y + 5
= 8 + y
Therefore, (8 + y) should be 0, 9, 18, …, etc.
8 + y = 0 is not possible ∴ 8 + y = 9
∴ y = 9 – 8 = 1
Thus, the value of y is 1.

Verification:
21y5 = 2115 (∵ y = 1)
∴ Sum of digits of 2115 = 2 + 1 + 1 + 5 = 9 (9 ÷ 9 = 1, remainder = 0)
∴ 2115 is divisible by 9.
(Note: Here, verification is given to explain you.]

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.2

2. If 31z5 is a multiple of 9, where z is a digit, what is the value of z? You will find that there are two answers for the last problem. Why is this so?
Solution:
31z5 is a multiple of 9. (given)
∴ Sum of digits of 31z5 = 3 + 1 + z + 5
= z + 9
Therefore, (z + 9) should be 0, 9, 18, …, etc.
Since, z is a digit, it should be either 0 or 9.
Hence, z = 0 or 9.

Verification:
31z5 = 3105 (∵ z = 0)
∴ Sum of digits of 3105
= 3 + 1 + 0 + 5 = 9
(9 ÷ 9 = 1, remainder = 0)
∴ 3105 is divisible by 9.
31z5 = 3195 (∵ z = 9)
∴ Sum of digits of 3195
= 3 + 1 + 9 + 5 = 18
(18 ÷ 9 = 2, remainder = 0)
∴ 3195 is divisible by 9.

3. If 24x is a multiple of 3, where x is a digit, what is the value of x? (Since 24x is a multiple of 3, its sum of digits 6 + x is a multiple of 3; so 6 + x is one of these numbers: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 …………. But since x is a digit, it can only be that 6 + x = 6 or 9 or 12 or 15. Therefore, x = 0 or 3 or 6 or 9. Thus, x can have any of four different values.)
Solution:
24x is a multiple of 3. (given)
∴ Sum of digits of 24x = 2 + 4 + x = 6 + x
Therefore, 6 + x should be 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, …, etc.
Since, 6 + x is a multiple of 3.
∴ 6 + x = 0, 6 + x = 3, 6 + x = 6, 6 + x = 9, 6 + x = 12, 6 + x = 15, 6 + x = 18, ……….
∴ x = -6, x = -3, x = 0, x = 3, x = 6, x = 9, x = 12, ……………..
Here, x = 0, 3, 6, 9 are possible.
Thus, the value of x can be 0 or 3 or 6 or 9.

PSEB 8th Class Maths Solutions Chapter 16 Playing with Numbers Ex 16.2

4. If 31z5 is a multiple of 3, where z is a digit, what might be the values of z?
Solution:
31z5 is a multiple of 3. (given)
∴ 31z5 is divisible by 3.
Sum of digits of 31z5 = 3 + 1 + z + 5
= 9 + z
∴ 9 + z is divisible by 3.
∴ Value of 9 + z should be 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18.
Since, z is a multiple of 3.
If 9 + z = 0,
∴ z = – 9 which is impossible.
9 + z = 3,
∴ z = – 6 which is impossible.
9 + z = 6,
∴ z = – 3 which is impossible.
9 + z = 9,
∴ z = 0 which is possible.
9 + z = 12,
∴ z = 3 which is possible.
9 + z = 15,
∴ z = 6 which is possible.
9 + z = 18,
∴ z = 9 which is possible.
9 + z = 21,
∴ z = 12 which is impossible.
Thus, the value of z can be 0 or 3 or 6 or 9.